To further confirm the function of ERK-induced increases in TGF-β1 in A33+ Li-EVs, we intravenously transferred A33+ Li-EVs from DMSO or CI-1040-treated IBD mice and found that A33+ Li-EVs from DMSO-treated IBD mice had less DSS-induced weight loss (Supplementary Fig. 6g) than did those from CI-1040-treated IBD mice. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and inflammatory bowel disease.