IGHE and schistosomiasis: Some of the other challenges in schistosomiasis vaccine development are the risk of an atopic IgE response to a candidate vaccine [12], a lack in understanding of the nature of the immune response and the correlates of protective immunity in humans and other mammalian hosts, the transmission of other pathogens in schistosomiasis endemic areas resulting in co-infected individuals which can impact on vaccine efficacy, and antigenic polymorphism [13].