With regard to other conditions, renal insufficiency can lead to moderate hyperprolactinaemia [190, 191], and there are exceptional cases of non-pituitary tumours secreting prolactin, for instance renal cell carcinoma, gonadoblastoma, cervical carcinoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and colorectal adenocarcinoma [192–196]. This evidence concerns the gene PRL and hyperprolactinemia.