To test whether hBD3 is associated with the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer, we performed immunohistochemistry studies on hBD3 in tissue samples from patients of different cervical cancer stages, including normal cervix (22 cases), carcinoma in situ (CIS, 41 cases) and cervical cancer (SCC, 37 cases) (Figure 1A). This evidence concerns the gene DEFB103A and in situ carcinoma.