PCSK9 and atherosclerosis: Notably, novel circulating atherosclerosis-related lipid measurements including proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) as a key regulator of circulating LDL-C [7]; apolipoprotein C-III (apoC3) as a critical modulator of TG metabolism [8]; and small dense LDL-C as the very atherogenic subspecies of LDL [9]; have been developed with a growing number of evidence, respectively.