EDN1 and glomerulosclerosis: Smoking has been recognized as an independent risk factor for CKD, and smoking might result in intraglomerular hypertension, vascular damage, or glomerulosclerosis via multiple complex interactions of nonhemodynamic (angiotensin II, transforming growth factor-β1, endothelin-1) and hemodynamic factors (Orth and Hallan 2008).