In addition, transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), a key factor in organ fibrosis, increases interleukin‐13 synthesis by GATA3 in T‐lymphocytes from patients with systemic sclerosis 33 and GATA3 could physically and functional interact with Smad3, a component of TGF‐β signalling pathway 34. Here, SMAD3 is linked to systemic sclerosis.