TNF and pulmonary emphysema: Intravenous administration of HDL enriched with alpha-1-antitrypsin to cigarette smoke-exposed mice prevented the development of pulmonary emphysema and also reduced the numbers of BALF neutrophils and macrophages, as well as BALF levels of IL-6, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor), and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) (Moreno et al., 2014).