Anti-cytokine antibodies have been reported in healthy individuals as well as in patients with infectious and autoimmune diseases, for example, anti-interferon (IFN)-γ antibodies in mycobacterial infections, anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies in severe autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and anti-interleukin (IL)-17 antibodies in mucocutaneous candidiasis1, 2. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.