We also found that metformin inhibits the IL-1β-induced Vegfa expression in adipocytes (Fig. 6f), suggesting that metformin may inhibit obesity-induced angiogenesis by inhibiting IL-1β-induced upregulation of Vegfa. These data suggest that angiogenesis is the common target for NLRC4/IL-β deficiency and metformin treatment. Here, IL1B is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.