Although ovarian cancer cells are known to lose their responsiveness to inhibitory growth signals exerted by TGF-β by mechanisms including the down-regulation of TGF-β receptors, TGF-β may indirectly affect ovarian tumor growth by modulating the secretion of stroma-specific mediators in the tumor microenvironment [68–70]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is ovarian neoplasm.