These observations clearly indicate the leukemogenic role of the G-CSF/G-CSFRIV−Stat5−miR-155−CCL2−G-CSF positive feedback loop in AML, and also pointed out the necessity in developing personalized effective anti-leukemia treatments for patients with increased G-CSFRIV, who are more susceptible to G-CSF-induced upregulation of miR-155 and subsequent de novo leukemogenicity or relapse (Figure 2). Here, CSF3 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.