TNF and anaplastic large cell lymphoma: In ALK+ ALCL, only a few aberrantly methylated genes, including components of the T cell receptor (TCR) pathway and genes important for cell proliferation and survival, such as p16INK4A, TNF-α, NFATC1, IL-2R, and BIM, have been identified; even less is known about specific methylation changes in ALK− ALCL (Akimzhanov et al., 2008; Ambrogio et al., 2009; Martin-Subero et al., 2009; Nagasawa et al., 2006; Piazza et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2009, 2011).