TNF and cerebral infarction: Hydroxysafflor yellow A, a major active component of C. tinctorius L. (Hong Hua), reduces cerebral infarction by suppressing cytosolic NF-κBp65 translocation to the nucleus and subsequently downregulates NF-κB-mediated TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expression in the ischemic area 24 h after permanent MCAo [63].