TNF and ischemia: Liu et al. demonstrated that the oral administration of Cordyceps sinensis (Dong Chong Xia Cao) mycelium exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral I/R injury by downregulating ICAM-1, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression and infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the ischemic area 2 h after ischemia and 22 h after reperfusion [12].