TNF and ischemia: Posttreatment with danhong, extracted from Radix salviae miltiorrhizae (Dan Shen) and Flos carthami (Hong Hua), exerts beneficial effects in cerebral I/R injury, at least partially, through dose-dependent IL-1β and TNF-α downregulation in the ischemia area at 1.5 h of ischemia and 14 d of reperfusion [51].