Interestingly, speed of implantation after collection in theatre (30–180 min) has been perhaps our most important protocol refinement to date, translating into significantly increased engraftment efficiencies and consequently a more thorough representation of all BC subtypes across the BC PDTX biobank, although with a bias towards ER-negative and poorer prognosis ER-positive tumours (Bruna et al. 2016). Here, ESR1 is linked to neoplasm.