Several co-morbidities that were prevalent among our patients, and are known to independently increase the risk of mortality among HF patients were hypertension, diabetes, renal failure and anaemia.28 Overall, our study showed that in-hospital and post-discharge mortality rates were higher in patients who had longer lengths of hospital stay, hyponatraemia, older age, lower haemoglobin level, higher NT-proBNP level, and lower eGFR. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and kidney failure.