TGFB1 and lung carcinoma: TGF-β signaling can drive these cellular modifications, modulating a set of transcription factors such as Snail, Slug, Twist, and zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1/2 (ZEB1/2) [54], and the enhanced TGF-β expression in many malignancies, including lung cancer, is implicated in the metastatic potential of advanced-stage tumors [56].