On the contrary, to promote their intracellular survival, certain intracellular pathogens such as the slow-growing and diseases-causing Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members of mycobacteria such as BCG and Mtb are able to secrete effector proteins such as PtpA to antagonize the restriction effects of host factors such as TRIM27 at later time points post-infection. This evidence concerns the gene PTPA and infection.