The LPS and LPS plus IFN‐γ induced M1‐like state and the IL‐4 induced M(IL‐4) state (Franco and Fernandez‐Suarez, 2015) are of course two extremes of the diverse continuum of microglial activation states that exist in vivo where overlapping phenotypes co‐expressing M1 and M2 markers often predominate, especially in human inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases (Prinz and Priller, 2014; Vogel et al., 2013). The gene discussed is IL4; the disease is neurodegenerative disease.