Further examination of the endosomal TLR pathway using ODN 2088, an antagonist of the endosomal TLR7/8/9 pathways, implied that while TLR7 and TLR9 were each upregulated versus mock infection with either UV-inactivated or live RSV neither played a role in the IFN-β or IDO expression we observed. The gene discussed is IFNB1; the disease is infection.