TNF and macrophage activation syndrome: But there is no established standard therapy for AOSD-associated MAS, and several treatments have been tried, for example, biologics targeting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [etanercept (ETN), infliximab (IFX), and adalimumab], IL-1 [anakinra (ANK) and canakinumab], and IL-6 [tocilizumab (TCZ)] [14–16].