GFAP and Alzheimer disease: In intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion AD models, in which amyloid-β is injected into the brains of rodents either acutely or chronically via a pump, there are elevations in brain cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β [20], and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and CD68, markers of astrocytes and microglia, [21] relative to controls.