Elevations in markers of neuroinflammation have also been identified in animal models of AD, such as higher levels of IL-1β and chemokine CXCL motif (CXCL) ligand 1 in TgCRND8 mice than their wild type littermates [18] and increases in TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and microglia in 3xTg mice compared to controls [19]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Alzheimer disease.