TGFB1 and atherosclerosis: Further studies should seek to delineate the mechanisms underlying such cross-talk, particularly the functional interactions between the Smads and MAPK along with various other components involved in signaling, together with the relative contribution of each pathways in the TGF-β-mediated regulation of genes implicated in macrophage uptake of modified LDL and foam cell formation both in macrophages and in mouse models of atherosclerosis.