The up-regulated genes included the following: 1) genes involved in leukemogenesis (MYCN, Sox411), tumorigenesis promoters (HOXA2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and HOXB2, 3, 612,BCL11A13, FOXC114, RUNX115, Pbx316 and Meis116), and tyrosine kinase genes (c-KIT, GRB10); 2) independent adverse prognostic factors in AML including WT1, RUNX117, SOCS218, GATA219, ATP1B16 and MSI220; and 3) genes correlating with chemotherapy resistance in adult AML patients (IGFBP221). Here, GRB10 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.