Upregulation of RIP3 is a common pathological feature in a range of human inflammation-driven liver diseases, namely hepatitis B and C, alcoholic liver disease, NASH, DILI and autoimmune hepatitis,9, 10, 11, 14 likely promoting inflammation in a necroptosis-dependent and -independent manner.30 Our results are the first to show that RIP3 and p-MLKL are simultaneously activated in liver parenchymal cells of PBC patients, suggesting that necroptosis likely has an active role in disease triggering and progression. The gene discussed is MLKL; the disease is hepatitis B virus infection.