In particular, our results provide a plausible explanation for the observed but poorly explained correlation between the downregulation of Ate1/arginylation and the increased risk of tumorigenesis, metastasis and radiotherapy resistance.41, 42, 45, 46 Tumor microenvironments are often highly stressing due to poor formation of blood vessels or high activity of mitogenic factors. This evidence concerns the gene ATE1 and neoplasm.