We previously showed that infection initiates in only a small fraction of in vitro-differentiated immature LC (iLC), as compared to mature LC (mLC) obtained by iLC stimulation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), fetal bovine serum (FBS), LPS and CD40L (Lauron et al., 2014; Coronel et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and infection.