Transcriptomic profiles of these VHL knockdown cells revealed overexpression of several direct targets/effectors of NFκB and IFN, including IRF7, STAT1, IFNB1 and IKBKE. Consistent with this, we recently reported overexpression of NFκB and IFN signaling in VHL-null ccRCC cells [37]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.