AKT1 and renal cell carcinoma: To delineate a common theme of differential gene expression patterns across published transcriptomic profiling studies of RCC subtypes and our non-transformed VHL-single hit kidney epithelial cells, we compared over- and under-expression of 45 genes involved in the Warburg effect, glycolysis, TCA cycle, and AKT/mTOR signaling (Figure 4).