Genetically deficient BMDMs in CCR5 (CCR5-/-) or treatment with specific inhibitors to JAK2 (Tyrphostin AG490), NF-κB (CAPE), AP-1 (Tanshinone) or mTOR (Rapamycin) did not yield significant differences in cytokine production after infection, if compared to WT or untreated controls. Here, CCR5 is linked to infection.