Importantly, the ability of DpC to increase TNFα expression in neuroblastoma tumors in vivo may potentially contribute to these pro-apoptotic signaling effects shown in vitro, as TNFα binds to the TNFα receptor (TNFR) to activate the MAPK/p38/JNK and NF-ĸB signaling cascades, which lead to nuclear transcription of genes that induce apoptosis (Fig. 8) [66]. Here, MAPK8 is linked to neuroblastoma.