Th1, Th17, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐17 and various inflammatory cytokines are important in the hierarchy of RA processes 24, 41; whereas IL‐10 and TGF‐β1 have potent anti‐inflammatory effects and suppress cartilage and bone pathologies in RA 42, 43. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.