In order to address the synergistic risk impact of these two inflammation-modulating mediators, we have assessed the independent and joint presence of serum antibodies to HP-NAP (originating from the pathogen) and IL-4 -590C/T SNP (originating from the host) in gastritis and gastric cancer patients, in comparison with H. pylori-positive asymptomatic controls. Here, CTNNBL1 is linked to gastritis.