PTEN and cholangiocarcinoma: Thus, we speculate that the mechanism by which miRNA gene SPRY1 increases the risk of CC development might be similar to the study by Aldaz et al. SPRY2 has also been reported to promote apoptosis of cancer cells which is associated with activation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) pathway and the blockade of Ras-Raf-Erk signaling [33].