APP and chronic kidney disease: The elevated levels of fetuin-A as found in trauma and ischemic injury or stroke suggest its role as a positive APP in those disease conditions [10, 11] whereas, the reduced fetuin-A levels as observed in endotoxemia, sepsis, and other inflammatory conditions including pancreatitis, chronic kidney disease, and rheumatoid arthritis point to its antiinflammatory or protective role as a negative APP during these morbid states [12–15].