An IL-10-mediated effect of CARD9 on Salmonella-induced IL-1β production from macrophages is unlikely, however, as elevated IL-1β production occurs within 2 h of infection, whereas IL-10 production occurs later in infection28.The increased IL-1β production in vitro is also seen in the production of this cytokine from a sub-lethal in vivo model of systemic infection with S. Typhimurium. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is infection.