PPA1 and breast cancer: Our results showed that PPA1 expression in different types of tumors differed as follows: thyroid cancer (5/21 23.8%), lymphadenoma (4/21 19%), brain tumors (2/19 10.5%), and soft tissue tumors (3/12 25%) displayed weak expression, while breast cancer (15/23 65.2%), hepatoma (45/51 88.2%), lung cancer (35/44 79.5%), ovarian cancer (28/46 60.9%), bladder cancer (7/7 100%), prostate cancer (11/ 11 100%), stomach cancer (7/7 100%), and colorectal cancer (8/12 66.6%) displayed strong expression (Table 1).