To this end, recombinant tau has been used extensively to study the molecular, biochemical and cellular aspects of the protein's functions, including (i) binding to MTs in physiological and pathological conditions (ii) tau-tau interactions leading to their aggregation into toxic paired helical filaments (PHFs) that are similar to those isolated from the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients, and (iii) the transcellular spread of this toxicity in affected organisms [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPT and Alzheimer disease.