PTTG1 and cancer: Other miRNAs which have been found to be altered in CRC include the miR-497, which might mediate overexpression of genes involved in cell proliferation (e.g. PHF19, SKA1, KIF4A) and genes associated with cell migration and invasion (e.g. PTTG1, F2RL1) as well as genes related to the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria, potentially related to the failure to eliminate cancer cells via apoptosis (e.g. CKMT1A) [48, 49].