NFKB1 and neoplasm: Collectively, BMPs play bidirectional and paradoxical effects on cancer development and invasion both at the molecular and cellular levels, in which the dysregulation of both the canonical and non-canonical SMAD pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, and STAT3 pathways, produces absolutely opposite influences on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion by affecting tumor EMT, generation and amplification of CSCs, and angiogenesis development.