CSF1R and cancer: In addition to resistance to the inhibition of EGFR, IGF-IR has been shown to induce significant resistance to inhibitors of several other cancer survival signaling including those functioning through modulation of the estrogen and androgen receptors (breast and prostate cancers, respectively), proteasome degradation (PCM), ALK kinase (NSCLC), ATM-related kinase (ATR; breast cancer), and the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R; gliomas) [273–279].