Neonatal umbilical cord blood CD14+ monocytes and adult peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes were cultured in vitro with LPS 100 ng/mL (TLR4 ligand, simulates gram-negative bacterial infection) or polyI:C 25 μg/mL (TLR3 ligand, simulates viral infection), and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was measured before culture (unstimulated) or 2 h after stimulation and receptor surface staining was measured before culture (unstimulated) or 6 h after stimulation. Here, TLR4 is linked to gram-negative bacterial infections.