On the other hand, all nAchR subunits were transiently up-regulated in the gastrocnemius muscles of surgically denervated rats, but mRNA levels returned to normal after spontaneous reinnervation [23], whereas mRNA expression of nAchRα1, γ, and ε subunits is increased in the diaphragm of Duchenne muscular dystrophy model mice in response to the destabilization of NMJs via congenital defects in dystrophin [33, 45]. This evidence concerns the gene CHRNA4 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.