ENDOG and breast carcinoma: Ling et al. [26] indicated that autophagy protected cells from safingol-induced and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated necrosis using human breast cancer and colorectal cancer cells, as the suppression of autophagy by 3-MA or bafilomycin A1 significantly augmented cell death caused by safingol, but the involvement of endoG-mediated apoptosis was not investigated.