CD4 and hepatic granuloma: During chronic L. donovani infection, CD4+ T cells have been shown to undergo bystander activation and proliferation [50], and intravital imaging studies have demonstrated that Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)- and L. donovani -induced hepatic granulomas respectively recruit CD4+ and CD8+ T cells independently of antigen specificity [41,51].