CD8A and Granuloma: As this microscopic approach did not allow us to directly discriminate between CD4+ and CD8+ RTEs or activation status, we isolated hepatic mononuclear cells for analysis by flow cytometry, and demonstrated that intrahepatic CD4+ RTE cells (of which ~50% reside within granulomas; S4 Fig) also contained an increased frequency of CD44hi cells (p<0.0001; Fig 2E and 2F).