Multivariate analyses that adjusted for potential confounders (anaemia, gravidity, premature birth), revealed significantly higher levels of IFN-γ (p = 0.004) and IL-13 (p = 0.019) in response to PHA and a significantly higher level of IFN-γ (p = 0.04) in response to DBL-5 of PBMC from mothers more often infected during pregnancy compared to uninfected mothers (data not shown). Here, IL13 is linked to anemia (phenotype).