In particular, the c-JUN and c-FOS proto-oncogenes, MMP2, an independent predictor of decreased PCa survival rates, and CCDN1, a cell cycle progression regulator26, 27, 28, were up-regulated only after sar@LIP treatment, illustrating that sarcosine can markedly affect the cellular microenvironment of PCa cells. This evidence concerns the gene MMP2 and posterior cortical atrophy.