PARP1 and breast carcinoma: XRCC1 is a key player in the DNA BER pathway, which is recruited in response to PAR chain formation at SSB sites by PARP1 [67]. XRCC1 is deficient in 16% of breast cancers and is associated with high grade, triple negativity, loss of hormone receptors, and basal-like breast cancers [68]. XRCC1-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) EM9 cells showed accumulation of SSBs [67] and were hypersensitive to PARP inhibitors due to the supplementary effect of PARP inhibitors in preventing DNA ligation [67].