MAP3K3 and cerebral cavernous malformation: Finally, given the well-established role of MEKK3 and KLFs as both targets and regulators of redox signaling and cellular responses to oxidative stress (Chen et al., 2015, Hamik and Jain, 2012, Son et al., 2011), also the recently reported involvement of the MEKK3-KLF4 signaling axis in CCM pathogenesis (Cuttano et al., 2016, Zhou et al., 2016) might imply dysregulation of redox signaling and oxidative stress (see Sections 5 and 7).