PRKAA1 and Parkinson disease: Furthermore, the levels or activities of a variety of cellular stress response proteins are altered in PD cells or experimental PD models, including molecular chaperones (heat shock proteins) and AMPK (Grünblatt et al., 2004; Simunovic et al., 2009; Mandel et al., 2005; Liu and Chern, 2015; Santini et al., 2015).