Previous studies have suggested that UTI can inhibit LPS-induced TNF-α and subsequent IL-1β and IL-6 induction by macrophages, at least partly, through the suppression of MAPK signalling pathways such as ERK1/2, JNK and p38 in vitro or NF-κB in activation [19]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to bacterial urinary tract infection.